Kas Napoleon ebaõnnestus külma ilma tõttu või tõusid tema väed iga päev kõrgele?

In Ridley Scott’s historical masterpiece “Napoleon,” featuring Joaquin Phoenix as the titular French conqueror, a fabricated scene unfolds as Napoleon commands his soldiers to aim cannons at the pyramids in the deserts of Egypt.

Despite being called out by historians for historical inaccuracies, this dramatic portrayal is just one aspect of Scott’s sensational storytelling, reminiscent of his work in “Gladiator,” where Phoenix also played a prominent role.

1798. aastal tungis Prantsuse keiserlik armee Napoleon Bonaparte'i juhtimisel Egiptusesse pärast Vahemere-äärse Malta sadama hõivamist. Sissetungi eesmärk oli häirida India ja Inglismaa vahelisi kaubateid, luues samal ajal Prantsusmaa domineerimise Lähis-Idas.

Interestingly, Napoleon’s encounter with the Egyptians took an unexpected turn, with his sõdurid, kes tunnevad kiindumust hašiši vastu, a love that prompted him to ban the substance eventually. This incident, however, was just one peculiar episode during Napoleon’s expedition into Asia Minor.

Napoleon seisis Egiptuses silmitsi ainulaadse väljakutsega – mitte kohalike elanike endi, vaid nende suguluse tõttu hašiši vastu. Prantsuse tavade kehtestamise asemel propageeris Napoleon kohaliku kultuuri omaksvõtmist.

Prantsuse väed, sealhulgas õpetlased ja teadlased, väljakujunenud raamatukogud ja uurimiskeskused, mis näitavad üles tõelist huvi islamimaailma erinevate traditsioonide ja leiutiste vastu.

Tavapärastest Prantsuse veinidest ja likööridest ilma jäänud sõdurid kohanesid kohalike tavadega, süvenedes hašišimaailma.

They explored the cafés, markets, and lounges where the substance was prevalent, fostering a cultural exchange that contributed to Western Europe’s evolving perspective on cannabis. Napoleon’s approach to embracing local culture, despite the initial clash with hashish, added a unique dimension to the historical narrative of his campaign in Egypt.

Contrary to the legend that Napoleon banned hashish due to his soldiers being too stoned to fight, this notion is as much a misconception as Ridley Scott’s film. In reality, hashish was not outlawed until after the campaign’s conclusion, and Napoleon himself didn’t enact the ban but by one of his generals.

The primary objective wasn’t to safeguard French citizens from the drug’s perceived harm but rather to assert control over Egypt and Syria by fostering internal strife among their inhabitants.

As elucidated by Ryan Stoa in his article “A Brief Global History of the War on Cannabis” for The MIT Press Reader, hashish in Egypt was associated with Sufi mystics and viewed negatively by the Sunni elite.

Kindral Jacques-François Menou, kellele Napoleon andis ülesandeks Egiptust valitseda, nägi hašiši keelustamist kui võimalust käsitleda tajutavat rahvatervise probleemi, pälvides samal ajal ka oma sunniitide eliidi äia heakskiidu.

Cairo’s Hash Market Resilience

Issued in 1800, Menou’s decree is often regarded as the inaugural drug prohibition law in the modern world. It was an uncompromising mandate, prohibiting the cultivation, sale, and consumption of cannabis altogether.

Egiptlastel keelati kanepit suitsetamine ja selle lisamine oma alkohoolsetesse jookidesse. Mandaat hoiatas, et need, kes on harjunud seda segu tarbima, kaotavad mõistuse ja alluvad vägivaldsele deliiriumile, mis toob kaasa mitmesuguseid liialdusi.

However, like many other idealistic endeavors pursued by Napoleon’s administration, the ban proved ineffective. According to Stoa, hashish continued to be cultivated, traded, and used throughout Egypt, a practice that, if archaeological discoveries are accurate, dates back as far as 3000 BC.

Prantsuse sõdurid mitte ainult ei suutnud takistada egiptlasi hašišit kasutamast, vaid tõid selle aine tahtmatult ka Lääne-Euroopasse, meenutades, kuidas mõned Vietnamist naasnud Ameerika veteranid mõjutasid kanepitarbimist oma kodumaal.

Efforts to ban cannabis proved equally futile for the French, both domestically and abroad. In Paris, the Romantic movement forward-thinking writers and artists, rejecting the Enlightenment’s rationality in favor of emotion and spirituality, not only tolerated but celebrated the drug that their government sought to eliminate. They proudly dubbed their intellectual circle the “Club des Hachichins,” translated as the “Hash-Eaters’ Club” in English.

Despite the government’s pressure, Cairo, in Egypt, emerged as one of the world’s largest hash markets. Second only to Istanbul in Turkey, Cairo’s cannabis industry thrived well into the late 1800s. However, a series of prohibitions, penalties, and crackdowns led its organizers to seek a new operational base. Migrating along the Northern African coast, they eventually settled in Morocco, where they persist.

Hemp’s Strategic Importance in Napoleonic Wars

Hash mängis Napoleoni sõdades ootamatut rolli, kuid kanepitaim oli veelgi olulisem. Kanep oli võimeline of being transformed into bags, rope, cordage, sails, and other essential materials for successful warfare. As Napoleon marched his forces toward Moscow, the flourishing trade between England and Russia, Europe’s primary hemp producers, became a significant concern.

Like his efforts to regulate hash consumption, Napoleon aimed to control hemp production. In the Peace Treaty of Tilsit, signed in 1807 before France invaded Russia, Napoleon demanded that Russia’s Czar, Alexander I, cease business with Great Britain.

Ühenduse puudumine Suurbritanniaga tähendas vähem kanepit; vähem kanepit tähendas nõrgemat armeed, suurendades võiduvõimalusi. Kas nende tingimustega nõustumine tsaari poolt oleks Napoleoni Moskvasse viinud, jääb spekulatiivseks küsimuseks.

Järeldus

Napoleoni ajastu põimunud narratiivid kanepist, kultuurilisest vastupanust ja strateegilistest kaalutlustest annavad põneva pilgu ajaloosündmuste keerukusele.

The Romantic movement’s embrace of hashish in Paris, the resilient hash markets of Cairo amidst government pressure, and the strategic importance of hemp in Napoleon’s military endeavors collectively paint a nuanced picture of the era’s socio-cultural dynamics. Despite attempts to suppress cannabis, its enduring presence and the cultural shifts surrounding it underscore the limitations of top-down prohibitions.

Kultuuriliste liikumiste, valitsuse poliitika ja strateegiliste kaalutluste koosmõju paljastab kanepitarbimise ja -tootmise trajektoori kujundavate ajalooliste jõudude keerukuse. Need lood kõlavad ajalooliste anekdootidena ja ainete, kultuuri ja kaubanduse valitsemise laiemate väljakutsete peegeldustena, kajaga, mis kajab läbi aja annaalide.

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• Allikas: http://cannabis.net/blog/history/did-napoleon-fail-because-of-freezing-weather-or-his-troops-kept-getting-high-everyday