Li-ion, Lithium-Metal, Lithium-Sulfur, Lithium Titanate & Niobate, Sodium-ion, Aluminium-ion, All-solid state batteries (ASSBs), Flexible, Transparent, Degradable, Printed, Redox Flow, and Zinc.
- Avaldatud: detsember 2023
- Leheküljed: 563
- Tabelid: 106
- Arvud: 155
Advanced, rechargeable batteries with very high efficiency are a key technology, enabling improved energy generation and storage for a wide range of applications. Their use will accelerate progress towards sustainable and smart solutions to current energy problems. The Global Market for Advanced Batteries 2024-2034 covers the whole range of advanced battery technologies utilized in markets including Electric Vehicles and Transportation, Consumer Electronics, Grid Storage and Stationary Battery markets.
This 500+ page market report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global advanced battery market to 2034. It covers all advanced battery technologies including lithium-ion, lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, aluminum-ion, redox flow, zinc-based, solid-state, flexible, transparent, printed, and more.
The report analyzes the global market by battery type, end-use market, key technologies, materials, major players, product developments, SWOT analyses, and more. It includes historical data from 2018-2022 and market forecasts to 2034 segmented by battery types and end use markets. Battery technologies covered in depth:
- Liitium-ioon
- Lithium-metal
- Lithium-sulfur
- Naatrium-ioon
- Aluminium-ion
- Redox flow
- Zinc-based
- Tahkes olekus
- Paindlik
- LIHTSUS
- Trükitud
End-use markets analyzed include:
- Electric vehicles and transportation (e.g. trains, trucks, boats)
- Grid storage
- Koduelektroonika
- Stationary batteries
The report includes 300+ company profiles of all the key manufacturers, developers, and suppliers of advanced battery materials, components, technologies, and recycling. Profiles include overviews, products/technologies, manufacturing capabilities, partnerships, etc. Companies profiled include Atlas Materials, CMBlu Energy AG, Enerpoly, ESS Tech, Factorial, Flow Aluminum, Inc., Gotion High Tech, Graphene Manufacturing Group, High Performace Battery Holding AG, Inobat, Inx, Lyten, Our Next Energy (ONE), Sicona Battery Technologies, Sila, Solid Power, Stabl Energy, TasmanIon and VFlowTech.
1 UURIMISE METOODIKA 35
- 1.1 Aruande ulatus 35
- 1.2 Uurimistöö metoodika 35
2 SISSEJUHATUS 37
- 2.1 The global market for advanced batteries 37
- 2.1.1 Electric vehicles 39
- 2.1.1.1 Turu ülevaade 39
- 2.1.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles 39
- 2.1.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks 40
- 2.1.1.3.1 Electric medium and heavy duty trucks 41
- 2.1.1.3.2 Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs) 41
- 2.1.1.3.3 Electric buses 42
- 2.1.1.3.4 Micro EVs 43
- 2.1.1.4 Electric off-road 44
- 2.1.1.4.1 Construction vehicles 44
- 2.1.1.4.2 Electric trains 46
- 2.1.1.4.3 Electric boats 47
- 2.1.1.5 Market demand and forecasts 49
- 2.1.2 Grid storage 52
- 2.1.2.1 Turu ülevaade 52
- 2.1.2.2 Technologies 53
- 2.1.2.3 Market demand and forecasts 54
- 2.1.3 Consumer electronics 56
- 2.1.3.1 Turu ülevaade 56
- 2.1.3.2 Technologies 56
- 2.1.3.3 Market demand and forecasts 57
- 2.1.4 Stationary batteries 57
- 2.1.4.1 Turu ülevaade 57
- 2.1.4.2 Technologies 59
- 2.1.4.3 Market demand and forecasts 60
- 2.1.1 Electric vehicles 39
- 2.2 Turu mõjutajad 60
- 2.3 Battery market megatrends 63
- 2.4 Advanced materials for batteries 66
- 2.5 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium 66
3 TYPES OF BATTERIES 68
- 3.1 Battery chemistries 68
- 3.2 LI-ION BATTERIES 68
- 3.2.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 68
- 3.2.1.1 Types of Lithium Batteries 73
- 3.2.2 SWOT-analüüs 76
- 3.2.3 Anodes 77
- 3.2.3.1 Materials 77
- 3.2.3.1.1 Graphite 79
- 3.2.3.1.2 Lithium Titanate 79
- 3.2.3.1.3 Lithium Metal 79
- 3.2.3.1.4 Silicon anodes 80
- 3.2.3.1.4.1 Hüvitised 81
- 3.2.3.1.4.2 Development in li-ion batteries 82
- 3.2.3.1.4.3 Manufacturing silicon 83
- 3.2.3.1.4.4 Costs 84
- 3.2.3.1.4.5 Rakendused 85
- 3.2.3.1.4.5.1 EVs 86
- 3.2.3.1.4.6 Future outlook 87
- 3.2.3.1.5 Alloy materials 88
- 3.2.3.1.6 Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion 88
- 3.2.3.1.7 Graphene coatings for Li-ion 89
- 3.2.3.1 Materials 77
- 3.2.4 Li-ion electrolytes 89
- 3.2.5 Cathodes 90
- 3.2.5.1 Materials 90
- 3.2.5.1.1 High-nickel cathode materials 92
- 3.2.5.1.2 Manufacturing 93
- 3.2.5.1.3 High manganese content 94
- 3.2.5.1.4 Li-Mn-rich cathodes 94
- 3.2.5.1.5 Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 95
- 3.2.5.1.6 Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 96
- 3.2.5.1.7 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 97
- 3.2.5.1.8 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC 98
- 3.2.5.1.9 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA 99
- 3.2.5.1.10 LMR-NMC 100
- 3.2.5.1.11 Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP) 100
- 3.2.5.1.12 Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP) 101
- 3.2.5.1.13 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) 101
- 3.2.5.2 Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials 102
- 3.2.5.3 Emerging cathode material synthesis methods 102
- 3.2.5.4 Cathode coatings 103
- 3.2.5.1 Materials 90
- 3.2.6 Binders and conductive additives 103
- 3.2.6.1 Materials 103
- 3.2.7 Separators 104
- 3.2.7.1 Materials 104
- 3.2.8 Platinum group metals 105
- 3.2.9 Li-ion battery market players 105
- 3.2.10 Li-ion recycling 106
- 3.2.10.1 Comparison of recycling techniques 108
- 3.2.10.2 Hydrometallurgy 110
- 3.2.10.2.1 Method overview 110
- 3.2.10.2.1.1 Solvent extraction 111
- 3.2.10.2.2 SWOT analysis 112
- 3.2.10.2.1 Method overview 110
- 3.2.10.3 Pyrometallurgy 113
- 3.2.10.3.1 Method overview 113
- 3.2.10.3.2 SWOT analysis 114
- 3.2.10.4 Direct recycling 115
- 3.2.10.4.1 Method overview 115
- 3.2.10.4.1.1 Electrolyte separation 116
- 3.2.10.4.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials 117
- 3.2.10.4.1.3 Binder removal 117
- 3.2.10.4.1.4 Relithiation 117
- 3.2.10.4.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation 118
- 3.2.10.4.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling 119
- 3.2.10.4.2 SWOT analysis 120
- 3.2.10.4.1 Method overview 115
- 3.2.10.5 Other methods 121
- 3.2.10.5.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment 121
- 3.2.10.5.2 Electrochemical Method 121
- 3.2.10.5.3 Ionic Liquids 121
- 3.2.10.6 Recycling of Specific Components 122
- 3.2.10.6.1 Anode (Graphite) 122
- 3.2.10.6.2 Cathode 122
- 3.2.10.6.3 Electrolyte 123
- 3.2.10.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries 123
- 3.2.10.7.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes 123
- 3.2.11 Global revenues 125
- 3.2.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 68
- 3.3 LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES 126
- 3.3.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 126
- 3.3.2 Lithium-metal anodes 127
- 3.3.3 Väljakutsed 127
- 3.3.4 Energy density 128
- 3.3.5 Anode-less Cells 129
- 3.3.6 Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries 129
- 3.3.7 Rakendused 130
- 3.3.8 SWOT-analüüs 131
- 3.3.9 Tootearendajad 132
- 3.4 LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 133
- 3.4.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 133
- 3.4.1.1 Eelised 133
- 3.4.1.2 Väljakutsed 134
- 3.4.1.3 Commercialization 135
- 3.4.2 SWOT-analüüs 136
- 3.4.3 Ülemaailmsed tulud 137
- 3.4.4 Tootearendajad 138
- 3.4.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 133
- 3.5 LITHIUM TITANATE AND NIOBATE BATTERIES 139
- 3.5.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 139
- 3.5.2 Niobium titanium oxide (NTO) 139
- 3.5.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide 140
- 3.5.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes 141
- 3.5.3 Ülemaailmsed tulud 142
- 3.5.4 Tootearendajad 142
- 3.6 SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES 144
- 3.6.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 144
- 3.6.1.1 Cathode materials 144
- 3.6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides 144
- 3.6.1.1.1.1 Tüübid 144
- 3.6.1.1.1.2 Cycling performance 145
- 3.6.1.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages 146
- 3.6.1.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB 146
- 3.6.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials 147
- 3.6.1.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 148
- 3.6.1.1.2.2 Tüübid 148
- 3.6.1.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB 148
- 3.6.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA) 149
- 3.6.1.1.3.1 Tüübid 149
- 3.6.1.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 150
- 3.6.1.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB 151
- 3.6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides 144
- 3.6.1.2 Anode materials 152
- 3.6.1.2.1 Hard carbons 152
- 3.6.1.2.2 Carbon black 154
- 3.6.1.2.3 Graphite 155
- 3.6.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes 158
- 3.6.1.2.5 Graphene 159
- 3.6.1.2.6 Alloying materials 161
- 3.6.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates 162
- 3.6.1.2.8 Sodium Metal 162
- 3.6.1.3 Electrolytes 162
- 3.6.1.1 Cathode materials 144
- 3.6.2 Comparative analysis with other battery types 164
- 3.6.3 Cost comparison with Li-ion 165
- 3.6.4 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells 165
- 3.6.5 SWOT-analüüs 168
- 3.6.6 Ülemaailmsed tulud 169
- 3.6.7 Tootearendajad 170
- 3.6.7.1 Battery Manufacturers 170
- 3.6.7.2 Large Corporations 170
- 3.6.7.3 Automotive Companies 170
- 3.6.7.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms 171
- 3.6.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 144
- 3.7 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 172
- 3.7.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 172
- 3.7.2 Rakendused 173
- 3.7.3 SWOT-analüüs 174
- 3.8 ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES 176
- 3.8.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 176
- 3.8.2 SWOT-analüüs 177
- 3.8.3 Commercialization 178
- 3.8.4 Ülemaailmsed tulud 179
- 3.8.5 Tootearendajad 179
- 3.9 ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES (ASSBs) 181
- 3.9.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 181
- 3.9.1.1 Solid-state electrolytes 182
- 3.9.2 Features and advantages 183
- 3.9.3 Technical specifications 184
- 3.9.4 Tüübid 187
- 3.9.5 Microbatteries 189
- 3.9.5.1 Introduction 189
- 3.9.5.2 Materials 190
- 3.9.5.3 Rakendused 190
- 3.9.5.4 3D designs 190
- 3.9.5.4.1 3D printed batteries 191
- 3.9.6 Bulk type solid-state batteries 191
- 3.9.7 SWOT-analüüs 192
- 3.9.8 Limitations 194
- 3.9.9 Ülemaailmsed tulud 195
- 3.9.10 Tootearendajad 197
- 3.9.1 Tehnoloogia kirjeldus 181
- 3.10 FLEXIBLE BATTERIES 198
- 3.10.1 Technology description 198
- 3.10.2 Technical specifications 200
- 3.10.2.1 Approaches to flexibility 201
- 3.10.3 Flexible electronics 203
- 3.10.3.1 Flexible materials 204
- 3.10.4 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries 205
- 3.10.5 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries 206
- 3.10.6 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries 207
- 3.10.6.1 Electrode designs 210
- 3.10.6.2 Kiud-liitiumioonakud 213
- 3.10.6.3 Venitavad liitiumioonakud 214
- 3.10.6.4 Origami ja kirigami liitiumioonakud 216
- 3.10.7 Flexible Li/S batteries 216
- 3.10.7.1 Components 217
- 3.10.7.2 Carbon nanomaterials 217
- 3.10.8 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 218
- 3.10.9 Flexible zinc-based batteries 219
- 3.10.9.1 Components 219
- 3.10.9.1.1 Anodes 219
- 3.10.9.1.2 Cathodes 220
- 3.10.9.2 Väljakutsed 220
- 3.10.9.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries 221
- 3.10.9.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 222
- 3.10.9.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 223
- 3.10.9.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 223
- 3.10.9.1 Components 219
- 3.10.10 Fiber-shaped batteries 224
- 3.10.10.1 Carbon nanotubes 224
- 3.10.10.2 Types 225
- 3.10.10.3 Rakendused 226
- 3.10.10.4 Väljakutsed 226
- 3.10.11 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices 227
- 3.10.12 SWOT analysis 229
- 3.10.13 Global revenues 230
- 3.10.14 Product developers 232
- 3.11 TRANSPARENT BATTERIES 233
- 3.11.1 Technology description 233
- 3.11.2 Components 234
- 3.11.3 SWOT analysis 235
- 3.11.4 Turuväljavaade 237
- 3.12 DEGRADABLE BATTERIES 237
- 3.12.1 Technology description 237
- 3.12.2 Components 238
- 3.12.3 SWOT analysis 240
- 3.12.4 Turuväljavaade 241
- 3.12.5 Tootearendajad 241
- 3.13 PRINTED BATTERIES 242
- 3.13.1 Technical specifications 242
- 3.13.2 Components 243
- 3.13.3 Design 245
- 3.13.4 Key features 246
- 3.13.5 Printable current collectors 246
- 3.13.6 Printable electrodes 247
- 3.13.7 Materjalid 247
- 3.13.8 Rakendused 247
- 3.13.9 Printing techniques 248
- 3.13.10 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 250
- 3.13.11 Zinc-based printed batteries 251
- 3.13.12 3D Printed batteries 254
- 3.13.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 256
- 3.13.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries 258
- 3.13.12.2.1 Electrode materials 258
- 3.13.12.2.2 Electrolyte Materials 258
- 3.13.13 SWOT analysis 259
- 3.13.14 Global revenues 260
- 3.13.15 Product developers 261
- 3.14 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES 263
- 3.14.1 Technology description 263
- 3.14.2 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) 264
- 3.14.3 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr) 265
- 3.14.4 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB) 266
- 3.14.5 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB) 267
- 3.14.6 All-Iron flow batteries 267
- 3.14.7 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries 268
- 3.14.8 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries 269
- 3.14.9 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries 270
- 3.14.10 Organic flow batteries 271
- 3.14.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries 272
- 3.14.11.1 Zinc-Cerium Hybrid 272
- 3.14.11.2 Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow Battery 272
- 3.14.11.3 Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Battery 273
- 3.14.11.4 Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Battery 274
- 3.14.11.5 Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Battery 274
- 3.14.12 Global revenues 275
- 3.14.13 Product developers 276
- 3.15 ZN-BASED BATTERIES 277
- 3.15.1 Technology description 277
- 3.15.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries 277
- 3.15.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries 279
- 3.15.1.3 Zinc-bromide 279
- 3.15.2 Turuväljavaade 280
- 3.15.3 Tootearendajad 281
- 3.15.1 Technology description 277
4 ETTEVÕTTE PROFIILI 282 (296 ettevõtte profiili)
5 VIITED 537
Tabelite loetelu
- Table 1. Battery chemistries used in electric buses. 42
- Table 2. Micro EV types 43
- Table 3. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types. 46
- Table 4. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats. 48
- Table 5. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage. 53
- Table 6. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics 56
- Table 7. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage. 59
- Table 8. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries. 60
- Table 9. Battery market megatrends. 63
- Table 10. Advanced materials for batteries. 66
- Table 11. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition. 69
- Table 12. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain. 72
- Table 13. Types of lithium battery. 73
- Table 14. Li-ion battery anode materials. 77
- Table 15. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes. 83
- Table 16. Markets and applications for silicon anodes. 85
- Table 17. Li-ion battery cathode materials. 91
- Table 18. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development. 91
- Table 19. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. 96
- Table 20. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. 97
- Table 21. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material. 98
- Table 22. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC). 99
- Table 23. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 100
- Table 24. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials 102
- Table 25. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials. 104
- Table 26. Li-ion battery Separator materials. 105
- Table 27. Li-ion battery market players. 106
- Table 28. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow. 107
- Table 29. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries. 108
- Table 30. Comparison of LIB recycling methods. 108
- Table 31. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries. 124
- Table 32. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 125
- Table 33. Applications for Li-metal batteries. 130
- Table 34. Li-metal battery developers 132
- Table 35. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types. 134
- Table 36. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 137
- Table 37. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers. 138
- Table 38. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries. 142
- Table 39. Comparison of cathode materials. 144
- Table 40. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 144
- Table 41. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials. 145
- Table 42. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes. 147
- Table 43. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials. 147
- Table 44. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries. 150
- Table 45. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials. 152
- Table 46. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes. 153
- Table 47. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 154
- Table 48. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 156
- Tabel 49. Grafeeni omadused, konkureerivate materjalide omadused, nende rakendused. 160
- Table 50. Comparison of carbon based anodes. 161
- Table 51. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries. 161
- Table 52. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 163
- Table 53. Pros and cons compared to other battery types. 164
- Table 54. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries. 165
- Table 55. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells. 165
- Table 56. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries. 179
- Table 57. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 182
- Table 58. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 183
- Table 59. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries. 184
- Table 60. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries. 188
- Table 61. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries. 194
- Table 62. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 195
- Table 63. Solid-state thin-film battery market players. 197
- Table 64. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements. 199
- Table 65. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes. 208
- Table 66. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries. 210
- Table 67. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 213
- Table 68. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 225
- Table 69. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 230
- Table 70. Product developers in flexible batteries. 232
- Table 71. Components of transparent batteries. 234
- Table 72. Components of degradable batteries. 238
- Table 73. Product developers in degradable batteries. 241
- Table 74. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 244
- Table 75. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 248
- Table 76. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 248
- Table 77. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 250
- Table 78. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 250
- Table 79. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 252
- Table 80. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 256
- Table 81. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 258
- Table 82. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 260
- Table 83. Product developers in printed batteries. 261
- Table 84. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries. 264
- Tabel 85. Vanadium redox flow akude (VRFB) põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 264
- Tabel 86. Tsink-broomi (ZnBr) voolupatareide põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 265
- Table 87. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 266
- Tabel 88. Raud-kroom (ICB) vooluakude põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 267
- Tabel 89. Täisraudvooluakude põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 267
- Tabel 90. Tsink-raud (Zn-Fe) voolupatareid – peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 268
- Tabel 91. Vesinik-broomi (H-Br) vooluakude peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 269
- Tabel 92. Vesinik-mangaani (H-Mn) vooluakud – põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 270
- Tabel 93. Orgaanilised akud – põhiomadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 271
- Tabel 94. Tsink-tseriumi hübriidvoolupatareid – peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 272
- Tabel 95. Tsink-polüjodiidi hübriidvooluakude peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 273
- Tabel 96. Tsink-nikkelhübriidvooluakude peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 273
- Tabel 97. Tsink-broomi hübriidvooluakude peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 274
- Tabel 98. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow akude peamised omadused, eelised, piirangud, jõudlus, komponendid ja rakendused. 274
- Table 99. Redox flow batteries product developers. 276
- Table 100. ZN-based battery product developers. 281
- Table 101. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics. 328
- Table 102. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics. 333
- Table 103. Chasm SWCNT products. 334
- Table 104. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics. 360
- Table 105. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics. 394
- Table 106. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries. 414
- Table 107. LiNa Energy battery characteristics. 431
- Table 108. Natrium Energy battery characteristics. 450
Jooniste loetelu
- Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. 38
- Figure 2. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2034. 49
- Figure 3. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2034. 50
- Figure 4. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2034. 51
- Figure 5. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh). 52
- Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2034. 55
- Figure 7. Sodium-ion grid storage units. 55
- Figure 8. Salt-E Dog mobile battery. 58
- Figure 9. I.Power Nest – Residential Energy Storage System Solution. 59
- Joonis 10. Akude kulud aastani 2030. 65
- Figure 11. Lithium Cell Design. 70
- Figure 12. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery. 71
- Figure 13. Li-ion battery cell pack. 71
- Figure 14. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery. 75
- Figure 15. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries. 77
- Figure 16. Silicon anode value chain. 81
- Figure 17. Li-cobalt structure. 95
- Figure 18. Li-manganese structure. 98
- Figure 19. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials. 107
- Figure 20. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). 109
- Figure 21. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet. 111
- Figure 22. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling. 112
- Figure 23. Umicore recycling flow diagram. 113
- Figure 24. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling. 114
- Figure 25. Schematic of direct recyling process. 116
- Figure 26. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling. 120
- Figure 27. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 126
- Figure 28. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery. 126
- Figure 29. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries. 132
- Figure 30. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery. 133
- Figure 31. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries. 137
- Figure 32. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 138
- Figure 33. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 142
- Figure 34. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA). 149
- Joonis 35. Kerakujulise loodusliku grafiidi (NG; pärast mitut töötlemisetappi) ja sünteetilise grafiidi (SG) SEM-mikrograafide võrdlus. 155
- Figure 36. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 157
- Figure 37. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). 159
- Figure 38. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery. 167
- Figure 39. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries. 169
- Figure 40. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 169
- Figure 41. Schematic of a Na–S battery. 172
- Figure 42. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries. 175
- Figure 43. Saturnose battery chemistry. 176
- Figure 44. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries. 178
- Figure 45. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 179
- Figure 46. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery. 181
- Figure 47. ULTRALIFE thin film battery. 182
- Figure 48. Examples of applications of thin film batteries. 185
- Figure 49. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 186
- Figure 50. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right). 188
- Figure 51. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB. 192
- Figure 52. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries. 193
- Figure 53. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 196
- Figure 54. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries. 199
- Figure 55. Flexible, rechargeable battery. 200
- Figure 56. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage. 201
- Figure 57. Types of flexible batteries. 203
- Figure 58. Flexible label and printed paper battery. 204
- Joonis 59. Materjalid ja konstruktsioonistruktuurid painduvates liitiumioonakudes. 207
- Figure 60. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 210
- Joonis 61. Venitatavate LIB-de struktuuri skeem. 211
- Joonis 62. Materjalide elektrokeemiline jõudlus painduvates LIB-des. 211
- Figure 63. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 214
- Figure 64. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 215
- Figure 65. Origami disposable battery. 216
- Figure 66. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 219
- Figure 67. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 221
- Figure 68. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark. 222
- Figure 69. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 222
- Figure 70. Wearable self-powered devices. 228
- Figure 71. SWOT analysis: Flexible batteries. 230
- Figure 72. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 231
- Figure 73. Transparent batteries. 234
- Figure 74. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries. 236
- Figure 75. Degradable batteries. 237
- Figure 76. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries. 241
- Figure 77. Various applications of printed paper batteries. 243
- Figure 78.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery. 243
- Figure 79. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 245
- Figure 80. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 255
- Figure 81. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries. 260
- Figure 82. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 261
- Figure 83. Scheme of a redox flow battery. 263
- Figure 84. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD). 276
- Figure 85. 24M battery. 283
- Figure 86. AC biode prototype. 285
- Figure 87. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation. 295
- Figure 88. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm). 296
- Figure 89. Amprius battery products. 298
- Figure 90. All-polymer battery schematic. 301
- Figure 91. All Polymer Battery Module. 301
- Figure 92. Resin current collector. 302
- Figure 93. Ateios thin-film, printed battery. 304
- Figure 94. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery. 307
- Figure 95. Containerized NAS® batteries. 309
- Figure 96. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 314
- Figure 97. Blue Solution module. 316
- Figure 98. TempTraq wearable patch. 317
- Joonis 99. Keevkihtreaktori skeem, mis suudab CoMoCAT-protsessi abil SWNT-de genereerimist suurendada. 335
- Figure 100. Cymbet EnerChip™ 340
- Figure 101. E-magy nano sponge structure. 348
- Figure 102. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery. 349
- Figure 103. SoftBattery®. 350
- Figure 104. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg. 352
- Figure 105. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate. 354
- Figure 106. 40 Ah battery cell. 359
- Figure 107. FDK Corp battery. 363
- Figure 108. 2D paper batteries. 371
- Figure 109. 3D Custom Format paper batteries. 371
- Figure 110. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 372
- Figure 111. Gelion Endure battery. 375
- Figure 112. Portable desalination plant. 375
- Figure 113. Grepow flexible battery. 387
- Figure 114. HPB solid-state battery. 393
- Figure 115. HiNa Battery pack for EV. 395
- Figure 116. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery. 395
- Figure 117. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose. 396
- Figure 118. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery. 397
- Figure 119. Ilika solid-state batteries. 401
- Figure 120. ZincPoly™ technology. 402
- Figure 121. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials. 406
- Figure 122. Ionic Materials battery cell. 410
- Figure 123. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure. 411
- Figure 124. ITEN micro batteries. 412
- Figure 125. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module. 420
- Figure 126. LiBEST flexible battery. 426
- Figure 127. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells. 429
- Figure 128. LiNa Energy battery. 431
- Figure 129. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology. 433
- Figure 130. Lyten batteries. 436
- Joonis 131. Cellulomix tootmisprotsess. 439
- Joonis 132. Nanobaas versus tavatooted. 439
- Joonis 133. Nanotech Energy aku. 449
- Joonis 134. Hübriidakuga elektrimootorratta kontseptsioon. 452
- Figure 135. NBD battery. 454
- Joonis 136. SWCNH tootmise kolmekambrilise süsteemi skemaatiline illustratsioon. 455
- Joonis 137. Süsiniknanoharja TEM-pildid. 456
- Figure 138. EnerCerachip. 460
- Figure 139. Cambrian battery. 471
- Figure 140. Printed battery. 475
- Figure 141. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery. 477
- Figure 142. Printed Energy flexible battery. 480
- Figure 143. ProLogium solid-state battery. 482
- Figure 144. QingTao solid-state batteries. 484
- Figure 145. Schematic of the quinone flow battery. 486
- Figure 146. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery. 489
- Figure 147. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery. 491
- Figure 148. Samsung SDI’s sixth-generation prismatic batteries. 493
- Figure 149. SES Apollo batteries. 498
- Figure 150. Sionic Energy battery cell. 505
- Figure 151. Solid Power battery pouch cell. 507
- Joonis 152. Stora Enso ligniinaku materjalid. 510
- Figure 153.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery 517
- Figure 154. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell. 534
- Figure 155. Zoolnasm batteries. 535
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